diff --git a/new_version/direct_hash/benchmark.py b/new_version/direct_hash/benchmark.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..9f5df81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/new_version/direct_hash/benchmark.py
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+import argparse
+import ctypes
+import gc
+import os
+import statistics
+import subprocess
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+
+HERE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+BUILD = HERE / "build"
+LIBC = ctypes.CDLL(None)
+LIBC.free.argtypes = [ctypes.c_void_p]
+
+
+class SetAPI:
+    def __init__(self, path: Path):
+        self.lib = ctypes.CDLL(str(path))
+        self.lib.set_new.restype = ctypes.c_void_p
+        self.lib.set_add.argtypes = [ctypes.c_void_p, ctypes.c_char_p]
+        self.lib.set_fini.argtypes = [ctypes.c_void_p, ctypes.c_int]
+        self.lib.set_fini.restype = ctypes.c_void_p
+        self.lib.set_free.argtypes = [ctypes.c_void_p]
+        self.lib.set_free.restype = ctypes.c_void_p
+        self.lib.rpmsetcmp.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_char_p]
+        self.lib.rpmsetcmp.restype = ctypes.c_int
+
+    def new_with_symbols(self, symbols):
+        value = self.lib.set_new()
+        if not value:
+            raise RuntimeError("set_new returned NULL")
+        for symbol in symbols:
+            self.lib.set_add(value, symbol)
+        return value
+
+    def release(self, value, result):
+        if result:
+            LIBC.free(result)
+        self.lib.set_free(value)
+
+    def encode(self, symbols, bpp):
+        value = self.new_with_symbols(symbols)
+        result = self.lib.set_fini(value, bpp)
+        if not result:
+            raise RuntimeError("set_fini returned NULL")
+        encoded = ctypes.string_at(result)
+        self.release(value, result)
+        return encoded
+
+
+def median_fini(api, symbols, bpp, calls, rounds):
+    samples = []
+    for _ in range(rounds):
+        sets = [api.new_with_symbols(symbols) for _ in range(calls)]
+        results = []
+        start = time.perf_counter_ns()
+        for value in sets:
+            results.append(api.lib.set_fini(value, bpp))
+        samples.append((time.perf_counter_ns() - start) / calls)
+        if not all(results):
+            raise RuntimeError("set_fini returned NULL")
+        encoded = [ctypes.string_at(result) for result in results]
+        if len(set(encoded)) != 1:
+            raise RuntimeError("set_fini is not deterministic")
+        for value, result in zip(sets, results):
+            api.release(value, result)
+    return statistics.median(samples)
+
+
+def median_build(api, symbols, bpp, calls, rounds):
+    samples = []
+    for _ in range(rounds):
+        sets = []
+        results = []
+        start = time.perf_counter_ns()
+        for _ in range(calls):
+            value = api.new_with_symbols(symbols)
+            result = api.lib.set_fini(value, bpp)
+            sets.append(value)
+            results.append(result)
+        samples.append((time.perf_counter_ns() - start) / calls)
+        if not all(results):
+            raise RuntimeError("set_fini returned NULL")
+        for value, result in zip(sets, results):
+            api.release(value, result)
+    return statistics.median(samples)
+
+
+def median_cmp(api, provider, requirement, calls, rounds):
+    expected = api.lib.rpmsetcmp(provider, requirement)
+    if expected != 1 or api.lib.rpmsetcmp(provider, provider) != 0:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"unexpected rpmsetcmp result: {expected}")
+    for _ in range(100):
+        api.lib.rpmsetcmp(provider, requirement)
+
+    samples = []
+    for _ in range(rounds):
+        checksum = 0
+        start = time.perf_counter_ns()
+        for _ in range(calls):
+            checksum += api.lib.rpmsetcmp(provider, requirement)
+        samples.append((time.perf_counter_ns() - start) / calls)
+        if checksum != calls:
+            raise RuntimeError("rpmsetcmp result changed during benchmark")
+    return statistics.median(samples)
+
+
+def cold_cmp_once(api, provider, requirement):
+    read_fd, write_fd = os.pipe()
+    pid = os.fork()
+    if pid == 0:
+        os.close(read_fd)
+        start = time.perf_counter_ns()
+        result = api.lib.rpmsetcmp(provider, requirement)
+        elapsed = time.perf_counter_ns() - start
+        os.write(write_fd, f"{elapsed} {result}".encode())
+        os.close(write_fd)
+        os._exit(0)
+
+    os.close(write_fd)
+    payload = b""
+    while chunk := os.read(read_fd, 128):
+        payload += chunk
+    os.close(read_fd)
+    _, status = os.waitpid(pid, 0)
+    if status != 0:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"cold rpmsetcmp child failed: status={status}")
+    elapsed, result = map(int, payload.split())
+    if result != 1:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"unexpected cold rpmsetcmp result: {result}")
+    return elapsed
+
+
+def median_cmp_cold(api, provider, requirement, calls, rounds):
+    samples = []
+    for _ in range(rounds):
+        total = sum(cold_cmp_once(api, provider, requirement) for _ in range(calls))
+        samples.append(total / calls)
+    return statistics.median(samples)
+
+
+def format_time(ns):
+    return f"{ns / 1000:.2f} us"
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Compare set9 and direct-hash set APIs")
+    parser.add_argument("--symbols", type=int, default=1000)
+    parser.add_argument("--bpp", type=int, default=32)
+    parser.add_argument("--rounds", type=int, default=7)
+    parser.add_argument("--fini-calls", type=int, default=5)
+    parser.add_argument("--cmp-calls", type=int, default=2000)
+    parser.add_argument("--cold-calls", type=int, default=20)
+    parser.add_argument("--skip-build", action="store_true")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    if args.symbols < 2 or not 10 <= args.bpp <= 32:
+        parser.error("symbols must be >= 2 and bpp must be in 10..32")
+    if min(args.rounds, args.fini_calls, args.cmp_calls, args.cold_calls) < 1:
+        parser.error("rounds and call counts must be positive")
+
+    if not args.skip_build:
+        subprocess.run([str(HERE / "build.sh")], check=True)
+
+    symbols = tuple(
+        f"symbol_{i:08d}_version_ALT_{i % 97}".encode() for i in range(args.symbols)
+    )
+    required = symbols[::2]
+    apis = {
+        "set9": SetAPI(BUILD / "libset9.so"),
+        "direct": SetAPI(BUILD / "libdirect-hash.so"),
+    }
+
+    gc.disable()
+    try:
+        timings = {}
+        lengths = {}
+        for name, api in apis.items():
+            provider = api.encode(symbols, args.bpp)
+            requirement = api.encode(required, args.bpp)
+            wire_format = "D1/base64" if provider.startswith(b"D1") else "golomb/base62"
+            lengths[name] = (len(provider), wire_format)
+            timings[name] = (
+                median_fini(api, symbols, args.bpp, args.fini_calls, args.rounds),
+                median_build(api, symbols, args.bpp, args.fini_calls, args.rounds),
+                median_cmp_cold(api, provider, requirement, args.cold_calls, args.rounds),
+                median_cmp(api, provider, requirement, args.cmp_calls, args.rounds),
+            )
+    finally:
+        gc.enable()
+
+    print(f"symbols={args.symbols} required={len(required)} bpp={args.bpp}")
+    print("implementation  set_chars  format")
+    for name in apis:
+        print(f"{name:<14} {lengths[name][0]:>9}  {lengths[name][1]}")
+    print("\noperation                 set9       direct   direct/set9")
+    labels = ("set_fini only", "new+add+fini", "rpmsetcmp cold", "rpmsetcmp warm")
+    for index, label in enumerate(labels):
+        old = timings["set9"][index]
+        new = timings["direct"][index]
+        print(f"{label:<22} {format_time(old):>10} {format_time(new):>10} {new / old:>12.2f}x")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/new_version/direct_hash/build.sh b/new_version/direct_hash/build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..270c3d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/new_version/direct_hash/build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+HERE=$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)
+ROOT=$(cd "$HERE/../.." && pwd)
+BUILD="$HERE/build"
+mkdir -p "$BUILD"
+touch "$BUILD/rpmlib.h" "$BUILD/system.h"
+cp "$HERE/../roaring_bitmap/set.h" "$BUILD/set.h"
+
+CFLAGS=(-O2 -std=gnu11 -D_GNU_SOURCE -Wall -Wextra -Werror -I"$BUILD")
+COMPAT=(-include "$ROOT/scripts/rpmsetcmp/newset_compat.h")
+
+for tool in mkset setcmp; do
+  cc "${CFLAGS[@]}" "${COMPAT[@]}" \
+    "$ROOT/reimplement/set9.c" "$ROOT/scripts/rpmsetcmp/$tool.c" \
+    -o "$BUILD/$tool-set9"
+  cc "${CFLAGS[@]}" "${COMPAT[@]}" \
+    "$HERE/hash_set.c" "$ROOT/scripts/rpmsetcmp/$tool.c" \
+    -o "$BUILD/$tool-direct"
+done
+
+cc "${CFLAGS[@]}" -fPIC -shared "${COMPAT[@]}" \
+  "$ROOT/reimplement/set9.c" -o "$BUILD/libset9.so"
+cc "${CFLAGS[@]}" -fPIC -shared "${COMPAT[@]}" \
+  "$HERE/hash_set.c" -o "$BUILD/libdirect-hash.so"
+
+printf 'Built tools and benchmark libraries in %s\n' "$BUILD"